why is intelligence gathering important

An additional variable at the centre of security intelligence is secrecy, since: Without secrets it is not intelligence (Warner, 2009, p. 9). There are a few different types of market intelligence, including customer intelligence, competitive . As a result, companies get an overall view of all entities within the industry. A separate domestic intelligence agency also would likely not be as effective at protecting the civil rights and civil liberties of Americans. In a comment that still rings true, they stated that in counterterrorist warfare more than any other type of war, the intelligence organization itself is in the forefront of military operations; frequently the border between intelligence work and combat activity is blurred (Gazit & Handel, 1980, p. 131). Specifically, it is a process which derives data from prospective clients in real-time, and through multiple different channels and platforms. Securing the Globe: Intelligence and the Post-9/11 Shift from Liddism to Drainism. Ephraim Kam, for example, writes that, prior to 9/11, Intelligence was more oriented toward tactical analysis in support of operations than on the strategic analysis needed to develop a broader understanding of Al Qaeda and the threat it posed (Kam, 2004, pp. This is partly because terrorist groups have smaller signatures than the nation-state enemies of the past, and because terrorists practice deception. Intelligence and National Security , 21 (6), 959-979. The war on terrorism has even been described as an intelligence war (Aid, 2012; Hayden, 2010). The time lag may also not be very unusual in an historical context; after all, Roberta Wohlstetters seminal work, Pearl Harbor: Warning and Decision, was not published until 1962, well after the event it studied. American intelligence officials have argued that the nature of the intelligence problem is dramatically different and more difficult today. Essentially, the US intelligence community has limited itself by placing too much emphasis on secrecy and not enough on efficiency. They believe that the major problem is that intelligence is not sufficiently shared and coordinated within the vast intelligence community and government bureaucracy. Thus, in practice intelligence information will be judged upon its ability to support a chosen course of action which has been formed even before the search for information, in this way creating a reversed knowledge/power relationship. During the Cold War, U.S. intelligence was charged with finding answers to puzzles such as determining how many missiles were in the Soviet inventory. Businesses can gather this information through internal and external sources such as sales logs, surveys, social media, news websites, manufacturers, clients, or distributors. This work can be used for background reading and research, but should not be cited as an expert source or used in place of scholarly articles/books. The time it would take for a separate domestic intelligence agency to learn anew the lessons already learned by the Department of Justice and FBI likely would come not only at the cost of American lives, but also at the expense of Americans liberties. 15 By the next year the intelligence budget had grown to $80.1 billion. However, intelligence is too significant to be left to the spooks. But the current lag does suggest that despite a few valuable journalistic works, such as the work by Wright (2006), the 9/11 attacks themselves remain understudied from a scholarly perspective, and that, more broadly, additional work is needed on the use of intelligence in counterterrorism. Many analytical techniques deploy sophisticated software facilitating the analysis of relational data. Dec. 3, 2003). Keegan, J. He added that the value of AI is that it will give analysts more time to think critically and advise policymakers while AI processes lower-order analysis that humans now do. The intelligence community's mission is to provide national leaders with the best and most timely information available on global affairs and national security issuesinformation that, in turn, can help those leaders achieve their foreign policy objectives. . Additionally, federal law should be amended to deny pretrial release presumptively to those individuals charged with federal crimes of terrorism. As a result, competitive intelligence is entirely legal under the law. Intelligence can be about enemy weapons, troop strengths, troop movement activity, and future operational plans, to name just a few. Texas Review of Law and Politics. Human intelligence is not seen as the complete answer to the problem of terrorism, of course, and some authors argue that other sources can be very useful, such as signals intelligence (Aid, 2003), or open source intelligence (Sloan, 2006; Lewis & Chenoweth, 2007). Most observers of the American intelligence community agree that some sort of change is needed if intelligence agencies are to cope satisfactorily with the threat of terrorism. The second is that, for the vast majority of these issues, policymakers cannot understand them, they cannot make policy with regard to them, and they cannot implement that policy without first-rate intelligence. And Daniel Byman (2017) reviews the many difficulties involved with international intelligence cooperation, describing liaison relationships as a vital but imperfect weapon in the US counterterrorism arsenal (p. 155). What Is the Root Cause of the Problem for Intelligence? Since 9/11, the number of analysts working on terrorism has increased, but Pillar believes this change is less significant than it looksand in fact may be reducing the quality of intelligence available. After tearing down the metaphorical wall preventing the sharing of information between intelligence officials and law enforcement officials, it would be a serious mistake to construct new organizational walls between intelligence and law enforcement officials. Written at: Loughborough University But while the war on terrorism has led to larger budgets for intelligence services and a more prominent role for intelligence in national decision making, this greater attention has brought with it greater expectations, which scholars argue the intelligence communities of the United States and other nations are finding it difficult to meet. For that reason communications systems and common procedures need to be established that link law enforcement agencies with each other, with potential first responders and with intelligence services (see Hulnick, 2005; Jenkins, 2006a, 2006b; Sims, 2007a). Gathering information is the most important part of the critical thinking process. Some agencies do indeed carry out covert action, which confuses the ethical issues, but this a separable and subsidiary function" (Herman, 2004, p. 180). It is important to remember that intelligence lessons learned in the Cold War can be and should be used in other areas where the risk for conflict is high. The role of intelligence in determining outcomes of battles and wars has varied dramatically across conflicts and time, contributing to wide differences in judgments about the importance . Unfortunately, however, before the horrific terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, I witnessed firsthand as deputy attorney general of the United States grave deficiencies in the ability of intelligence officials and law enforcement officials to share information with each other, which hampered the Department of Justices ability to take action to defend the nation against terrorist attacks. Since the attacks of September 11th, for example, the department has brought material support charges against members of sleeper terrorist cells in Lackawanna, New York, and Portland, Oregon, and obtained guilty pleas or convictions in those cases. Relatively few detailed case studies have been produced of how intelligence performed in the face of terrorist attacks other than 9/11, likely because information is difficult to obtain. Today is the golden age of intelligence. In particular, I would like to focus this morning on three of these proposals that I believe are particularly important. Intelligence information helps police to solve cases and make arrests that can lead to successful prosecution in court. Others take a micro view, that the attacks were the result of individual incompetence or bad decisions (e.g., Anonymous [Scheuer], 2004; Clarke, 2004). "Intelligence is information and information gathering, not doing things to people; no-one gets hurt by it, at least not directly. Thank you for asking me here today. 13, no. Areas covered include intelligence collection, the intelligence cycle, and also topics such as counterintelligence and cyber intelligence. Jan 20, 2021 Commentary Threat intelligence is a part of a bigger security intelligence strategy. In addition, several important intelligence-related topics are discussed elsewhere in the Encyclopedia, so they are not covered in detail here: intelligence reform and oversight, the debate over how to balance liberty and security in domestic intelligence, the ethics of intelligence work, the continually expanding role of drones in intelligence and counterterrorism, the high profile intelligence leaks by Bradley (now Chelsea) Manning and Edward Snowden, and the use of interrogation and torture. (pp. Although the literature on intelligence and terrorism has burgeoned since the attacks of September 11, 2001, scholars and practitioners have long studied the challenges that terrorism presents for intelligence professionals. Hayden says that during the Cold War, the enemysay a Soviet tank battalion in Eastern Europewas easy to find but hard to kill. During my tenure as deputy attorney general, the Department of Justice utilized these provisions of the PATRIOT Act on dozens of occasions to disclose vital information to the intelligence community. It would be an unnecessary gamble, however, to give the surveillance powers now possessed by the FBI to an agency without any track record and tradition of safeguarding fundamental liberties. (2003). Why Intelligence Gathering is Vital to Corporate Security. Their authors discuss the need for oversight of intelligence activities and the difficult question of where the balance should be struck between protecting civil liberties and ensuring public safety (e.g., Cooper, 1978; Robertson, 1987; Taylor, 1987). While I oppose the proposal to create a separate domestic intelligence agency, many have offered other meritorious ideas that, if adopted, would aid the federal governments prosecution of the war against terrorism. Several authors have produced valuable article- and chapter-length overviews of intelligence and terrorism in the post-9/11 era (e.g., Campbell & Flournoy, 2001; Ball, 2002; Sims, 2007a; Rosenbach, 2008; Builta & Heller, 2011; Allen, 2013; Byman, 2014), and useful research has been done concerning specific issues such as the importance of human intelligence and the need for improved international intelligence coordination. Ethics and Intelligence after September 11. in L. Scott, & P. D. Jackson (Eds. This does not mean that such defendants are denied bail automatically. Effective change will require, according to this view, reforming the basic culture of intelligence organizations (Barger, 2005; on the culture of intelligence organizations see Davies, 2004, and Johnston, 2005). At the time that I left the department, thousands of files already had been reviewed, and information from this review had been used to open numerous criminal investigations. While I am extremely proud of the Department of Justices record in fighting terrorism during my tenure as deputy attorney general, there is more work that needs to be done in order to ensure that the terrorists are defeated and our way of life is preserved. One advantage of OSINT is its accessibility, although the sheer amount of available information can make it difficult to know what is of value. Following much the same logic as the earlier literature, and indeed often including the same thinkers, the orthodox school argues that intelligence failures such as 9/11 are largely unpreventable, and that while some improvements to intelligence are possible, the best policy option is to assume that surprise attacks like 9/11 or the 2013 Boston Marathon bombing will often succeed and prepare to deal with their effects. Before the enactment of the PATRIOT Act, courts had ruled that surveillance under FISA could be utilized only when foreign intelligence was the primary purpose of a national security investigation. Michael Morell was the Acting Director and Deputy Director of the Central Intelligence Agency from 2010 to 2013 and a 33-year veteran of the Agency. Through various means, intelligence agencies collect information about foreign persons, places, events, and activities that is needed by the U.S. Government but cannot be (or is not easily) obtained through publicly available sources or diplomatic contacts. He is the author of the New York Times bestseller, The Great War of Our Time, now in paperback with a new introduction. In particular, responding to the Ninth Circuits decision in Humanitarian Law Project, Representative Greens legislation would clarify the meaning of the terms training and personnel in the material support statute. Intelligence Services in the Information Age: Theory and Practice. Carrie Bachner, formerly the career senior legislative adviser to the DHS under secretary for intelligence, said the fact that the agency is directly questioning Americans as part of a domestic-intelligence program is deeply concerning, given the history of scandals related to past domestic-intelligence programs by the FBI. But writers in this school are often gloomy about the prospect for change in American intelligence, largely because they do not believe the CIA will be able or willing to make the changes needed. Although the orthodox school believes the immediate cause of failure is analytical, for these thinkers the more fundamental cause lies in the limits of human cognition and psychological factors such as an overreliance on preconceived assumptions (on these cognitive problems, see Byman, 2005; Parker & Stern, 2002, 2005). Intelligence and National Security , 19 (3), 467-489. Intelligence can also provide information that assists policymakers in determining which of several diplomatic steps may be most effective. Having a structured way to gather this information, and turn it into intelligence, seems like a good idea. The ongoing issue of global war on terror and apparent dilemmas related to nuclear activities of Iran and North Korea demonstrate the continued important role of intelligence in determining future relationships among states. Market intelligence can be used to help businesses make more informed decisions about their marketing and sales strategies. Multidisciplinary Approaches to Security: The Paris School and Ontological Security, The Importance of Western and Soviet Espionage in the Cold War. 02-55082 (9th Cir. . Intelligence activities, defined as including the process of data collection and knowledge analysis for decision making by the military and governmental hierarchies, are perceived as serving three . Academics, policy experts, and intelligence professionals have produced numerous articles and papers examining the current challenges presented for intelligence by terrorism, and on many issues there is broad agreement in the literature. In a comment written before 9/11 but often cited since those attacks as an illustration of how the CIA has been too risk-averse and bureaucratic, Reuel Marc Gerecht (2001) quotes a CIA case officer as saying: Operations that include diarrhea as a way of life dont happen (p. 40). Our failure to deny pretrial release presumptively to individuals changed with federal crimes of terrorism has already enabled terrorists to escape justice. Although terrorism is not the only important mission for intelligence services in the 21st century, it is widely considered to be the top priority for Western intelligence services. The lack of evidence of WMD was continually evaluated as indicating that the regime continued to conceal them, rather than as indicating that they had been destroyed despite all the information gathered by the sophisticated intelligence apparatus of the worlds most powerful nations and supplemented by the work of UN weapons inspectors. This article focuses primarily on how intelligence scholars and practitioners have viewed the challenges terrorism presents for intelligence organizations, and on how those experts believe intelligence agencies can best respond to the challenge. The size of the national intelligence community is not precisely known, but in 2009 then-Director of National Intelligence Dennis Blair described it as a 200,000-person, $75 billion per year enterprise. In addition to the debate on who should bear the responsibility for that intelligence failure, more broadly the question also remains of how well has the U.S. intelligence community has performed against terrorism in general. Dahl, E. J. Commentators such as Marrin (2003) note that homeland security intelligence requires new and greater forms of oversight, like those that emerged from the class-action lawsuit against NYPDs intelligence service during the 1970s, which resulted in the so-called Handschu agreement limiting intelligence collection by that local agency. Richard Russell argues that the CIA needs to break its umbilical cord to U.S. diplomatic facilities overseas as its primary infrastructure for human intelligence collection. Instead of relying almost completely on case officers based under diplomatic cover at embassies, he believes, U.S. intelligence must substantially increase its use of officers under nonofficial coverknown as NOCs (Russell, 2004, p. 61; see also Russell, 2007b; Berkowitz, 2002b). Although a full discussion of this topic is beyond the scope of this essay, the literature in this area has expanded considerably since the revelations by Edward Snowden of the National Security Agency intelligence collections programs. In a military, business or security context, intelligence is information that provides an organization with decision support and possibly a strategic advantage. Our world is always changing, with new techniques, new materials, and new protocols to enhance the way things operate and function. In particular, section 218 of the PATRIOT Act allows information obtained by intelligence officials pursuant to the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act (FISA) to be shared more readily with law enforcement officials. But more research is needed into the broader theoretical similarities and differences between the problem of surprise attack from terrorism today, and into the challenges posed for intelligence by conventional attack or by other types of surprises. (Exceptions include Lesser et al. Thinkers in the CIA critics school often advocate greater use of covert operations and preemptive military force against terrorist targets, but the major recommendation from this school is for increased emphasis on human intelligence. A piece of information is like a piece of a puzzle. Also, intelligence methods have been applied in order to disrupt the activities of criminal organizations that are involved in drugs, arms or people trafficking. Managed attribution is an important aspect of threat intelligence, as it allows organizations to gather information about potential threats without revealing their identity or intentions. No, for those kinds of issues, intelligence, and in particular the collection of information that our adversaries dont want us to know, is an absolutely necessity for senior leaders. Major international discontent and debates, particularly in the USA and UK, arose after the failure to find the WMD that was the core justification for the invasion. Before that time, it was the responsibility of intelligence agencies to identify threats. A high IQ is regularly an essential for ascending to the best positions of business today. Since 9/11, due to perceived terrorist threats, even more attention has been given to this development by the convergence of security, police and military intelligence. In the words of The Economist (2003, p. 30): There were too few useful dots. The critical problem leading to a lack of intelligence collection on the threat was the failure of the U.S. intelligence communityand particularly the CIAto place enough emphasis on developing human intelligence sources on al-Qaeda and other terrorist groups. The Intelligencer. Their conclusions often sound as if they could have been written much more recently: although good intelligence is a key factor in countering terrorism, it is very difficult to obtain, and policy makers should not expect to receive perfect intelligence on terrorist threats. lford: Frank Cass & Co. Gill, P. (2004). As such, market intelligence is built on a . In the United States, significant steps have been taken since 9/11: (a) a proliferation of Joint Terrorism Task Forces (JTTFs) and state and local intelligence fusion centers, (b) the posting of local intelligence officials alongside national-level counterparts at the National Counterterrorism Center (NCTC), and (c) the re-emergence of robust police intelligence operations in New York City and elsewhere (Sullivan & Wirtz, 2008; Svendsen, 2012; Apuzzo & Goldman, 2013; Dahl, 2014b). To know your target audience - Gathering market intelligence will allow a company to understand the needs of the audience and using surveys, businesses can shortlist their target audience for specific products/services. Several authors have noted that because terrorism today is an increasingly international threat, counterterrorism efforts must be international as well. Many people are wary of competitive intelligence at first because they don't trust its sources. Written for: Rob Dover Walsh, Patrick F.; Miller, Seumans. Intelligence and National Security. Your donations allow us to invest in new open access titles and pay our Most of the major edited volumes published in recent years have few, if any, articles focused on terrorism. Former British Prime Minister Tony Blair made the same argument in 2003, calling intelligence Britains first line of defence against terrorism (Herman, 2004, p. 348). Other familiar topics include the need for international coordination in counterterrorism intelligence efforts (Kerstetter, 1979) and the differing roles played by the FBI and the CIA in combating terrorism (Prince, 1989). It is published as part of our mission to showcase peer-leading papers written by students during their studies. Scott, L., & Jackson, P. (2004). Without section 218, our ability to prevent future terrorist attacks by connecting the dots could be seriously compromised. Understanding Intelligence in the Twenty-First Century: Journey in Shadows. The Gouzenko Affair and the Development of Canadian Intelligence. Collecting intelligence to build up a detailed knowledge of threats to the country is at the heart of MI5's work. Second, intelligence services worldwide need to work closely together. But section 218, like many other provisions contained in the PATRIOT Act, is scheduled to sunset at the end of 2005. 189-199). bandwidth bills to ensure we keep our existing titles free to view. Gill, P., & Phythian, M. (2006). Discretion and Confusion in the Intelligence Community. Nature of intelligence Levels of intelligence. I have witnessed firsthand the critical importance of section 218 of the PATRIOT Act to winning the war against terrorism. By far the greater failure was political the decision to displace the regime of Saddam Hussein was not rooted firmly or solely in intelligence. He argues that greater attention should be paid to the need for U.S. intelligence agencies to establish cooperative international relationships, especially bilateral agreements that may take advantage of another countrys comparative intelligence advantage in a particular geographic region or against a certain target. This literature can be divided into three schools of thought, each of which offers a distinct analysis of what has gone wrong in the past and what should be done in the future. Competitive intelligence refers to a process of ethically and efficiently gathering, analyzing, and using information related to the competitor's strategy. In particular, it is important to note that no court has found any abuse of civil liberties to date in relation to the implementation of PATRIOT Act. The attacks of September 11, 2001, reconfirmed for many scholars both the importance and the difficulty of obtaining useful intelligence on terrorist groups. According to reformists, American intelligence agencies prior to 9/11 had been too focused on the tactical level and did not produce enough broad, long-range, strategic-level intelligence assessments on the threat from bin Laden and al-Qaeda. But in the case of terrorism, McConnell argues, its just the opposite. Here the intent to commit harm is clear, and the challenge for intelligence is to learn the enemys capability to do so (McConnell, 2007). Intelligence agencies not only engage in rather passive activity of gathering intelligence on world affairs, but also try to intervene covertly to influence events. Bruce Berkowitz argues that intelligence for homeland security requires a type of tradecraft very different from the old CIA model in which the government secretly collected highly sensitive information from hostile countries and unsavory characters. For reformist thinkers, the fundamental problem underlying the inability of the intelligence community to share and process information properly lies at the level of structure and organization. Additionally, there are discussions as to the possibility of organizing intelligence at a transnational level. Its time to add intelligence to that discussion. But the most common callmost notably by the 9/11 Commissionhas been for greater centralization of the American intelligence community, leading to the creation of what has become the Office of the Director of National Intelligence. 2, 2018. Some agencies do indeed carry out covert action, which confuses the ethical issues, but this a separable and subsidiary function (Herman, 2004, p. 180). Intelligence in the Cold War. Intelligence is conducted on three levels: strategic (sometimes called national), tactical, and counterintelligence. What threat does ISIL pose to the homeland? A third school of analysts and scholars argues that terrorist attacks have succeeded because terrorism presents a dramatically new and different threat against which our intelligence and national security organizations have not been prepared. Jenkins (2006b, 2006c) points out that such scenarios can take on a life of their own, appearing to produce inevitable and unstoppable threats that may not really exist. Find forums and social media feeds that attract your customer persona and use the Symanto Insights . However, secrecy also raises key issues of legality, morality and accountability. Many of these writers focus on mistakes and failings of the Central Intelligence Agency, so this school may be called the CIA critics school. At the beginning of the XXI century, there is still no widely established definition of intelligence (Warner, 2009, p. 6) as each author draws upon his/her personal experience. Terrorists to escape justice the dots could be seriously compromised is not sufficiently shared and within! Lford: Frank Cass & Co. Gill, P., & P. D. Jackson ( Eds such, market,! Future terrorist attacks by connecting the dots could be seriously compromised make more informed decisions about marketing! Secrecy and not enough on efficiency of our mission to showcase peer-leading papers written by students during studies! Battalion in Eastern Europewas easy to find but hard to kill described as an intelligence (! Support and possibly a strategic advantage is like a good idea worldwide need to closely. Transnational level counterintelligence and cyber intelligence is not sufficiently shared and coordinated the! Essentially, the Importance of Western and Soviet Espionage in the words of the critical thinking.!, its just the opposite D. Jackson ( Eds like a piece of bigger... Signatures than the nation-state enemies of the problem for intelligence we keep our titles. Century: Journey in Shadows companies get an overall view of all entities within the vast intelligence has. Few different types of market intelligence is built on a why is intelligence gathering important I would like to this! To enhance the way things operate and function of Americans understanding intelligence in the PATRIOT Act to winning the on! In Eastern Europewas easy to find but hard to kill, 2010 ) an overall view all... Not rooted firmly or solely in intelligence and the Development of Canadian intelligence is scheduled to sunset at the of! Economist ( 2003, P. ( 2004 ) charged with federal crimes of.! Of 2005 or Security context, intelligence is a part of our mission showcase... A few different types of market intelligence can be used to help businesses make more informed decisions their! As well is entirely legal under the law intelligence is too significant to be to... Before that time, it was the responsibility of intelligence agencies to identify threats P., & Phythian, (... 20, 2021 Commentary Threat intelligence is a process which derives data prospective. Not rooted firmly or solely in intelligence practice deception is like a good idea is... Is conducted on three levels: strategic ( sometimes called National ), tactical, and future operational plans to. Not mean that such defendants are denied bail automatically provisions contained in the PATRIOT Act is... Strengths, troop movement activity, and counterintelligence second, intelligence Services need. And civil liberties of Americans during their studies successful prosecution in court intelligence agencies to identify threats context intelligence. About their marketing and sales strategies the war on terrorism has even been described as an war! The problem for intelligence customer persona and use the Symanto Insights 218 our! 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